Causes of the Afghan Civil War

Reasons for the Afghan Civil War Mohammad Haseeb Daudzai Who obliterated Kabul? The Afghan Civil War which began in 1989 and finished in 1992 was one of the bloodiest and most dangerous wars in Afghan history. This war had two stages. The primary stage was battled between the Afghan government and the Mujahedeen, and the subsequent stage was battled between various gatherings of the Mujahedeen. The Afghan Civil War which brought about in excess of 100,000 passings and the pulverization of Kabul was brought about by different factors some of which were: Afghan individuals, Afghanistan’s economy, Afghan government officials and remote contribution. Above all else, Afghanistan is a multicultural nation with in excess of ten ethnic gatherings and in excess of thirty dialects. Afghans have a few contrasts in their way of life, as well. Most of Afghans follow both of the two schools of fiqh (schools of Islamic law) to be specific Jafari and Hanafi. The education rate is additionally low in Afghanistan. These social contrasts, strict issues and low education rate make prejudice a typical wonder among the individuals and it’s simple for anybody to incite a war in Afghanistan. In 1992, racists from various ethnic gatherings began welcoming their ethnic gatherings to battle against other ethnic gatherings, so they could pick up power in Afghanistan. The economy of Afghanistan was exceptionally feeble in 1989 when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was leaving Afghanistan. Joblessness arrived at its pinnacle. In spite of the fact that Dr. Najibullah arranged various systems for making a steady economy in Afghanistan, but since gas wells were heavily influenced by the Mujahedeen, the legislature was totally reliant on the USSR help, subsequently the greater part of those procedures fizzled. Because of joblessness, individuals began keeping in certain parts from Kabul, so they began challenging the legislature in Kabul. These fights gave the Mujahedeen a decent reason for assaulting Kabul which denoted the main period of the Afghan Civil War. Back in 1980s when the USSR had full control of Afghanistan, eight gatherings were framed contrary to the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) which was straightforwardly bolstered and affected by the Soviet Union. All these eight gatherings called themselves Mujahedeen (Holy warriors). These gatherings battled against the USSR for a long time. Following nine years of battling in Afghanistan, the USSR lost the war to the Mujahedeen and had to pull back their powers from Afghanistan. In 1989, preceding leaving Afghanistan, the USSR chose Dr. Najibullah to be the leader of Afghanistan after they left. Dr. Najibullah was an individual from the PDPA, subsequently his administration was not adequate to the Mujahedeen and they kept on battling, which incited a common war between Afghan armed force and the Afghan Mujahedeen. In excess of 20,000 Afghans were murdered in this first period of the Afghan Civil War. In 1992 Dr. Najibullah left his position. Afghan warlords knew Dr. Najib would at long last leave and all of them needed to have his spot so they sorted out a social occasion in Peshawar, Pakistan. This social event brought about shaping another legislature and a bureau which should take power after Dr. Najibullah surrendered. Moreover, Ahmad Shah Masood shaped an administering board known as Shura e Nazar, which was made out of 120 military officers from various pieces of northern Afghanistan, to regulate the exercises of the up and coming government. In 1992, the new government dealt with Kabul and significant pieces of Afghanistan. Sibghatullah Mujadeedi was selected as the new leader of Afghanistan, however because of his poor authority abilities he was before long supplanted by Burhanuddin Rabbani. Rabbani was an individual from Shura e Nazar and with the exception of Tajik warlords nobody needed him to be the President of Afghanistan. Following a month, the second and bloodiest period of the Afghan Civil War started. In excess of 50,000 regular citizens were executed distinctly in Kabul and it was isolated into various parts, each part constrained by an alternate gathering. For instance Kart e Parwan area was constrained by Ahmad Shah Masood’s powers and just Tajik individuals lived there, Taimani region was constrained by Abdul Ali Mazari’s powers and just Hazara individuals lived there and on the off chance that anybody from Kart e Parwan challenged to go to Taimani or the other way around, the contrary party would murder him. Following two months of Rabbani’s government the Mujahedeen began terminating rockets over the lanes of Kabul as result nobody was protected anyplace in Kabul. In the interim Gulbudin Hekmatyar, who was bolstered by Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, needed to be the leader of Afghanistan, thus he began battling the legislature and Abdul Ali Mazari went along with him. The Civil War in Afghanistan was a piece of the Cold War. As per George Crile, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) propelled Operation Cyclone to support the Mujahedeen against the USSR. In 1980 the measure of these assets came to $30 million every year and in 1987 this sum rose to $630 million every year. The CIA additionally gave weapons including Type-56 rifles and FIM-92 stingers to the Mujahedeen. The main stinger which end up being an extremely successful weapon, was propelled in 1986 close to Jalalabad by the Mujahedeen, consequently 500 extra stingers were given to the Mujahedeen by the CIA. Pakistan likewise began supporting the Mujahedeen which brought about the USSR giving extra AK 47s to the Afghan armed force. The USSR additionally gave in excess of 2500 SCUD rockets to the Afghan government. Dr. Najibullah utilized the SCUDs against Pakistan and gave the AK 47s to the Afghan armed force. Several rockets were discharged on the outskirt among Afghanistan and Pakistan as a reaction to Pakistan’s backing of the Mujahedeen and the US weapons supplies to the Mujahedeen that came through Pakistan. In 1992, Dr. Najibullah surrendered. Dr. Najib’s renunciation denoted the finish of the principal period of the Afghan Civil War. Pakistan kept supporting Gulbudin Hekmatyar against the Afghan government and requested that he continue battling against the administration till he increased full force in Kabul and supplanted Rabbani. Saudi Arabia likewise began supporting Hekmatyar. The second period of the War started after Hekmatyar began shelling Kabul. Relations between Shura e Nazar and General Abdul Rasheed Dostom who presently had the full help of Uzbekistan, had soured and Dostom needed to leave Kabul. In the wake of leaving Kabul, Dostom began shelling Kabul from the entryways of Kabul. In excess of 50,000 regular citizen were slaughtered in Kabul in daze shelling (1) (likewise called rockety koor ([blind rockets]). To close, during these two periods of the Afghan common war, which kept going from 1989 to 1992, in excess of 100,000 Afghans were executed, a large number of Kabul residents were harmed and lost their homes and nothing was found in Kabul with the exception of besieged structures and indications of various weapons utilized during the war. The Afghan Civil war was brought about by four main considerations, the Afghan individuals, Afghan economy, Afghan legislators and remote forces.

Native American Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Local American Music - Essay Example Move rivalries are typically a piece of a Powwow to advance cooperation between the individuals inside similar clans or between various individuals from various clans. The Grand passage denotes the start of a Powwow. All the individuals enter the showground and everybody is approached to lift up banners. These banners incorporate distinctive inborn banners alongside a US banner which is brought up in memory of the considerable number of wars and fights pursued by the tribesmen in the nation. The music for the melodies and the move rivalry is given by the drums. The drum is extraordinarily intended to be enormous and a gathering of drummers beat it while the conventional tunes are being sung. There is commonly a beginning tune for the occasion, the fabulous passage tune as a require all the individuals who have taken an interest, banner tunes to show energy and regard and an end tune to check the finish of the Powwow. The Powwow is a method of the tribes’ thanksgiving to the ma ker and the moves are dealt with like a contribution. The move exhibitions are a method of festivity of the hover of life and consequently the setting of the Powwow is likewise a circle. The territory saved for moving is known as arbor and is additionally an enormous roundabout region inside the area. The majority of the social exercises like challenge moving, drum rivalry, ceremonials, singing and social show for the most part occur inside the arbor. Challenge moving is really an advancement of the conventional moving in which great artists were granted with little prizes. Presently the artists have colossal fan following and are given substantial money prizes for the diversion they give to everybody going to the Powwow. The other amusement exercises like betting games, marches, food slows down, presentation of expressions and artworks as a rule occur outside the arbor. After the fantastic passage execution and the banner tunes, there are customary moves performed which incorporate the sneak-up move, triumph move, between inborn move and veteran’s move. A significant piece of the Powwow culture is the regard and adoration which they hold for conventions and people. Respecting tunes are consequently additionally a fundamental piece of a Powwow. Regarding melodies are sung for specific people as well as in memory of a specific occasion. These tunes may commend the valor of a saint or the organization aptitudes of a notable chief of a specific clan. These melodies may likewise be sung in recognition of a war or a specific social practice. Sneak up move melody: The sneak up move is one of the most well known moves of the Native American clans. The move is really a scene of a scene which portrays how to ‘sneak’ up on a foe or a prey. There are various forms of this move however every one of them run on a similar subject of utilizing secrecy to increase a favorable position over the rival. In the most celebrated and the most seasoned variant of the move, arbor speaks to a fight ground where a few men have gotten injured and need assistance from their partners. Prior to the beginning of the move, the injured are accompanied in the arbor. During the initial segment of the move the injured remain in their position still while the artists hit the dance floor with their heads confronting the injured. At that point the moving beat begins the drums to make roaring stable which really represents the activity and commotion of the combat zone. The rhythms at that point become moderate and the artists moderate their development and advance towards the injured. At the point when the beating stops, the artists freeze in

In Prison

In Prison At 12:20pm, on December 4, 2013, Wednesday,   I had absolutely no idea where I was. A group of women trudged past me. I looked around wonderingly, walking past a Dunkin Donuts stand and a row of subway fare machines. I stared at signs reading “Ashmont”, “Braintree”, “Red Line”. Are they here? I wondered to myself. I don’t know. Doesn’t seem like it. Of course, I went against my instincts and proceeded toward the signs. I would later find out I had headed in the wrong direction. An hour later, I would be in prison. At 12:25pm, Madison ’17 called me. “Where are you?” she asked. I mumbled something probably nonsensical about underground trains and missing signs. I was at the Alewife T-Station, which comprised a towering building, stacks of parking lots, and an extensive underground subway system, translating to a rife chance to get lost. And lost I was. It took a few extra minutes of talking to Madison on the phone, and backtracking out of the vicinity of the trains toward the parking lots, for salvation to arrive in form of Tally ’17, who spotted me from two floors above and waved. “I just saw Tally!” I told Madison excitedly. “I’m saved.” I ran up to Tally, and a short while later, I was standing by a timeworn car with my Ancient Greek Philosophy professor, Lee Perlman, and two of my classmates from concourse, Tally and Madison. “Well, that was traumatizing,” I said in relief. “Just glad we found you,” Lee replied as we all got into his car. He set his GPS for Framingham, MA, slightly over thirty minutes away from Alewife, and the little journey began. All four of us began talking, and as you’d imagine with MIT students sitting alongside their professor, a good deal of the discussion revolved around things we’d recently talked about in classâ€"Descartes’ ontological argument for the existence of God, the evolution of ideas as time bypassed the era of the Ancient Greeks and approached that of “the Moderns”. When we got to Framingham, we noticed a sign reading, “Beaver Street”. “This is where MIT should have been!” said Tally, amused. I agreed. A short while later, Lee parked his car in between two others. We all got out; the cold air lashed out, biting. We stared at barbed-wire fences and grim-looking towers. We headed towards the visitors entrance of the Massachusetts Correctional Institution (MCI) Framingham, an all-female prison. One extensive security check later, Lee, Tally, Madison and I trailed after two women, past the first building we’d entered, into a courtyard of sorts. More barbed-wire fences spread around grassy slopes and brick structures. One of the women pointed at different buildings, explaining what they were. We passed through one that had originally been a female reformatory in the 1800s, usually punishing minor “offenses”, ranging from husband disrespect to scandalous dressing. We walked past a room in which several large and incredibly beautiful American Flags were being sown by inmates. Finally, we ended up in a small classroom, a rectangle of tables and chairs framing an expansive space. One of the walls, deeply red, bore the letters: Boston University. Turns out BU funds an educational program at MCI in which inmates get to take classes and ultimately earn a Boston University Bachelor of Arts degree for free. However, the purpose of the visit today wasn’t for a classâ€"although I ended up learning a lot, a valuable lot. It was for interaction, a chance for us to talk to some of the inmates, and for them to talk to us. We eventually got seated and about six inmates joined us. They were varied, in age, height, race and length of prison sentences. They were incredibly friendly. They were very willing to talk. Lee spoke for a little bit about the Greek Philosophy class, about tracing ideas through time, about how long he’d been teaching it. He also shared some amazing details about his high-school days, which I won’t mention for obvious reasons, except to say, MIT Professors absolutely rock! Then Tally, Madison and I also shared rather intimate details of our lives. By itself, that was a great bonding experience. Finally, we got the chance to hear the inmates speak. One of them spoke about how the BU program had helped her adapt to MCI. Paraphrasing her, “I got in here and everything was focused on me. There was absolutely no privacy, and it was a shock, moving from having a relatively quiet life, where my business was my business, to MCI, where the scrutiny is intense, 24-7. I was glad at the opportunity to take classes. I’d just pile on knowledge from the lectures; they’d keep me busy. They’d let me focus on other things. They’d help me move on. I completed the BU program two years ago, so I actually have a college degree. When I get out of here, I actually have a chance to restructure my life. It’s something I’m grateful for, something I try to pass on to the other inmates. I try to get them interested in the program.” The others had similar stories. The BU program was optional, but the alternative was an endless stretch of months filled in with nothing but the assigned institutional jobs and some interaction with others. One of them spoke about a woman who had expected to be in MCI for life. She’d taken about four BU classes through the program, but had ultimately decided to stop. Suddenly, something in her case had changed, a successful appeal perhaps, a granted parole. Either way, she was free, but regretted having not seized the chance to have obtained the degree. It would have made a world of difference for her upon release if she had. The prospect of education filled them up; it was dignifying and personally rewarding. That chance also gave them a strength to go on every day. From one of them: “I was a mess when I got here; I remember just bawling my eyes out during the trial. And then I got into this program and I felt more confident. Now, I just live in the moment. I don’t try to count down on anything; I just push through every day, knowing that when the next day comes, I’ll have the strength to do push through again.” Some of them spoke more extensively about their lives prior to incarceration, painting a very strong picture of the chances one got in life. Dealt cards that were rotten. An ideal line of path that was suddenly upturned by a mistake. They had taken responsibility for their actions, but they hadn’t let the fact that they were in a medium/maximum security facility bring them down. They had taken to learning, excitedly, progressively. They had taken to staying optimistic, thinking of the mistakes that had gotten them in, and of the ways they could make the best out of a difficult situation. “You can either let this place break you, or you can make a good life out of it.” We left a few hours later, after getting the chance to see an extensive collection of paintings by one of the inmates. I remember staring at those pictures, the intense blends of varying colors, their shades and shadows forming potent images that remained etched in my mind. The artistic talent was amazing. It was just amazing. “This is really powerful,” said Madison. We all agreed. As we headed out, towards Lee’s car, we talked about what we’d seen. Tally was struck by their positive will, their optimism. “Despite everything, something keeps them going,” she said. If there was ever any reflection of the adage that human spirits can stay strong in the face of darkness, that people can make personally uplifting opportunities out of absolutely anywhere and anything, it was reflected in those inspiring women. “But one thing…” Tally observed. “According to the women, there are about twenty inmates in the BU program, but the prison has about six hundred and fifty inmates.” Lee started his car. “Yeah, we actually met the most strong-willed, most positive ones,” he said. I wondered aloud what made the difference between them and the others. And of course, it was in the difference of the choices they had made. Choices. “This was amazing,” said Madison. I looked back at the buildings as we left, inspired. “Wow,” was all I could say. By the time I arrived at MIT, the sun had long set. I was still thinking of them.

Mad Dogs Englishmen And The Errant Anthropologist Summary

In Mad Dogs, Englishmen, and the Errant Anthropologist, Raybeck’s approach to ethnography has been very similar to what is described in chapter 5 of Essentials of Cultural Anthropology. The postmodernism theory is that it emphasizes the non-material knowledge. Materialism emphasizes on the material system of behavior. Most Anthropologist are somewhere in the middle of these two or lean one way a little bit more because these are such extreme theory’s. Raybeck seems to view his research from the postmodernism theory more than the materialism theory. In Raybeck’s book he does a lot of looking at the culture, beliefs, and ideas of the Kelantanese but he also looks at the behaviors and scientific reasoning’s behind them. He looks at the†¦show more content†¦The main difference over all is that if the research was not done the way Raybeck had originally conducted it, the book would have been a lot more formal with its scientific reasoning’s. While reading in both books about ethnography I was shocked to learn that there was a ton of different theoretical perspectives. I was also shocked at how the theories are so different from one another. For some the only similarity is that it is the study of humans. Before the class I thought that there was a set way on how anthropology was studied but I very quickly found out that is not the case. Anthropology is very broad and is open to tons of different interpretations. There is no set way on how we must go about researching and studying. I believe that Raybeck chose appropriate field methods during his field work. During his field work Raybeck made decisions on how to answer his questions based on what methods would give him the most insight. He chose not to do a lot of surveys because he knew what kind of responses he would get. By doing surveys the information he would have gotten would have been wide rather than deep. An example on a time where the survey was not a good chose was when he was learning about how the Villagers view Chinese people. He would not have learned about how complex the matter truly is by just putting a survey out to the community. Interviews can be a better chose to get more detailed information. Interviews can be

A Career in Medical Psychology - 1223 Words

Psychology is usually a really enormous subject matter. They are a lot of numerous career fields of therapy. Therapy being a scholarly analyze with the brain as well as actions goes towards Historic Greeks. There is also proof of subconscious believed within ancient Egypt. Psychology seemed to be the branch of philosophy until the 1870s, whenever the idea created just as one separate medical discipline. Psychology edges with a few other career fields as well as physiology, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, sociology, anthropology, along with philosophy as well as other pieces of the humanities. I’m going to offer you look at this medical therapy. I am going to going to allow take on the specific with†¦show more content†¦Clinicians usually are been trained in a variety of strategies as well as theoretical strategies. A number of focus on the treatment of specific mental issues, although some help clientele affected by numerous complications. Specialized medical psychologists deal with one of the most critical psychiatric issues such as schizophrenia as well as depression. As well as utilizing clientele, specialized medical psychologists have to keep precise information regarding client assessment, analysis, restorative ambitions as well as treatment method information. These types of information help clinicians as well as clientele monitor improvement and so are generally needed for accounts receivable as well as insurance coverage purposes. Using the APA Research Business office, within 2001 the typical salary for any accredited clinical psychologist seemed to be $72, 000. From the psychologists surveyed, 65% labored within exclusive training, 19% labored within health care options as well as 2% labored in some different human being services location. Find out more about the typical wages intended for clinical psychologists. The pay scale could change for the different state that you may live in. The actual Ough. S. Section associated with Labor’s Work Outlook Handbook stories of which career withinShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Forensic Psychology And The Criminal Justice System1270 Words   |  6 Pagescritical job linked to the criminal justice system is that of a forensic psychologist. Forensic psychology requires a background in psychology, but works primarily in the court system. Most of the time, a forensic psychologist applies their expertise in psychology to a case, whether it is by assessing a defendant’s mental competency or determining how a pre-existing condition influenced a crime. Forensic psychology requires certain steps to be taken. It is essential that one is properly informed and ableRead MoreThe Importance Of Becoming A Forensic Psychologist1218 Words   |  5 Pagestrying to become better equipped, whether it be voluntary or an instinct. Picking a career is just one example of an aspect in life that is heavily dependent on choices throug hout life. 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The first type of psychologists to choose from is a clinical psychologist. Clinical psychologists help people with counseling and psychotherapy. They work with people who have all around life problems, such as new

Theatre and Other Arts- Theatre Challenges Free Essays

Theatre and Other Arts – Theatre Challenges Theatre is a collaborative form of  fine art  that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place. Theatre has existed since the dawn of man, as a result of human tendency for storytelling. The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music or dance. We will write a custom essay sample on Theatre and Other Arts- Theatre Challenges or any similar topic only for you Order Now The most important element of theatre is the audience, which can make the performance or break it down. Theatrical art is done by people and for people. Theatre plays a very important role in the whole society, it is rather influential, and in fact, it has a great impact upon people, both positive and negative. The theatre has been shown to be didactic – it is one of the greatest aesthetic and educational strength. The main aims of theatre are: to appeal to the hearts of the audience; to involve them into the atmosphere of art; to engage them emotionally and let them rest and be entertained in the way they want. The first theatres were purposefully made for entertainment and everybody was allowed to attend it. In some time the art in theatre was done only for an elite, but today theatre focuses on the different audiences trying to make everybody involved in the art. Russian famous poet Vladimir Mayakovski once said that â€Å"Theatre is not a reflecting mirror but a magnifying glass†. The role of Theater in Society is became a mean of communicating culture, helped us come to understand more about humanity, our hopes and fears and helped to find ourselves and the larger world around. Theatre is changing. The traditional canon is constantly revisited with a fresh eye and new writing continues to thrive, with new plays enjoying full houses. It seems essential to dwell upon theatre and other arts, theatre and high tech scenery as all challenges have important impact upon it. Experiments have begun in digital broadcasting. Doubtless, that one of the greatest threats facing theatre is television. In the first place, television is not only a convenient source of entertainment, but also a comparatively cheap one. Many people do not understand that the theatre is the parent of new dramatic forms. Without a living theatre where writers, directors, designers and actors could learn their jobs, movies and television plays would be very crude indeed. Unfortunately the wealthy organizations responsible for films, radio and television, have helped themselves liberally to the talent the theatre has trained but have given it little in return. In fact their competition has made the position of the theatre which has no state support far more precarious than it used to be, and has made commercial theatre managers more reluctant than ever to experiment Another threat is generally seen from the sides of radio, cinema and the Internet. While the situation with cinema and radio are nearly the same as with the television, the state of affairs with the Internet demands to have a closer look at the problem. The appearance of wide access to the Internet and digital technology is bound to have an effect on live theatre or, at least, on our reaction to it. When we can see the best online all the charm of going out loses its loveliness. Digital inventions made us lazier although being said to save our time. Radio is the theatre of the mind; television is the theatre of the mindless† (Steve Allen) In conclusion I’d like to say that theatre is the magical place where man meets his image and has the lifelike communication with the art and performers. All in all, it is difficult to overestimate the role of art and theater in our lives. The future is full of possibilities, but it also demands more from theatre leaders and their programs than ever before. The pressure on theatre organizations continue to increase, t hat’s why they continue to find new ways to attract and engage people more widely. How to cite Theatre and Other Arts- Theatre Challenges, Essay examples

Freight Fluidity Performance Measures †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Freight Fluidity Performance Measures. Answer: Introduction Lately, people are into importing and exporting cargo. This is stimulated using airplanes which is one the most effective ways to transport large and heavy goods in the shortest time possible. Despite that, people have forgone the fact that the charges are too high and still use it as their major means of transport. This is subject to other means of transport available which include the trains. Compared these two means, the airplane still stands to be the best way one can reach individuals easily. One, the train is slow and not connected to the entire world as compared to planes which have different destinations of the world. On the other hand, it would be convenient for one to choose the train over the plane as they are able to carry bulky goods at large as compared to what the plane does (Amaruchkul, Cooper Gupta 2010, pp.155). Over the years, the United Kingdom air cargo has played a very crucial role in the modern-day chain supply. This has also contributed to the improvement of its economy. For cargo airplanes, they can be either combined with passengers or others could be strictly cargo planes. On many occasions, cargo is usually carried on the belly of the plane, which is underneath the passengers cabin but for other crafts, it is carried on the deck sharing space with the passengers while other planes are exclusively for carrying cargo (Aditjandra et al. 2016). This means that the entire plane is meant for cargo. Also, while some of the cargo services would prefer door-to-door services, others are cargo equivalent to the passengers. This explains the difference in having planes that carry only cargo while those that carry both passengers and cargo. In addition, there are specialist cargo airlines which accommodate aircraft which can carry oversize cargo. They have huge volumes of cargo holds, and an e xample is the giant (Navarro, Cronemy Huge-Brodin 2014). Air surface mode are linked together by airports. In Asia, there are many hubs with different cargo tonnage that have increased trade around the region in the recent years. For instance, Memphis and Louisville have really benefited from the United States partnership for the FedEx and UPS respectively. For the United Kingdom airport network, in 2014, around 2.5 million tons were handled in terms of mail and freights. However, this was significantly a small amount as compared to the volume which passed through the United Kingdoms ports which amounted to up to 490 million tons (Amaruchkul, Cooper Gupta 2010, pp.156). Despite that, the freight was high-value goods with much density thus that accounted for around 40 percent of the exports and imports. Jewelry, aerospace, pharmaceuticals and other medical equipment are among the major export flows. This led to an increased number of people getting into the job industry. For instance, 39000 jobs were created directly while 135300 were indi rectly created with their induced impacts also considered. United Kingdom airfreight is evenly distributed with an inbound of around 52% and 48 percent outbound movements. This is in comparison to the maritime traders which has a very deadly imbalance in imports. For long-distance movements, air transport is the most suitable means of transport (Babi?, Kuljanin Kali? 2015, pp.3). Eighty percent of freight originates from the European Union while the same has the same percentage of freights being its destination. This contrasts the main volume, around 50 percent which is used for domestic markets. For this, it is well illustrated how air transport has a range of uses while also its challenges cannot be forgotten thus showing how competitive the industry is (Navarro, Cronemy Huge-Brodin 2017). The fundamental reasons for the success of the company The United Kingdom has had its way in the freight industry as very successful.it can only be compared to its major airlines that is FedEx and UPS This is evident as all its companies are among the top rated in terms of profits gained, service providence and the number of freight they have transported. This shows how individuals are eager to work with such companies as he pays is also suitable, and no complains have been heard about them. Freight air transport has been solely determined by how well they perform (Crozet 2014, pp.65). For instance, a large extent is determined by how the downstream demand level for haulage of valuable goods. Despite being the safest and the fastest, they are the most expensive to use as stated earlier. In the international trade, airfreight has played a vital role (Edward-Jones et al. 2009, pp.480). This is particularly in the international division of labor and international economic and cultural connections which have greatly increased. It is becoming even more substantial with the role it is playing in the global economy. According to research, a rough estimate of up to one-third of all the worlds products that are being produced will be incorporated in the trade cycle (Amaruchkul, Cooper Gupta 2010, pp.157). The United Kingdom economy has really developed since the start of this service. However, it also responsible for increased pollution levels that is noise and air. The availability of this services has enabled the British state to function internationally as a business center and being able to manufacture high-value goods. First, we can clearly see how the number of jobless people has decreased. Thanks to the fight industry which has been able to provide job opportunities both directly and indirectly (Divall 2016, pp.15). Secondly, most of the business areas such as pharmaceuticals, financials, and even technology require speedy services. For that reason, air is the most reliable means they can use. This will ensure customers are well responded to and in the required time. Failure of having such services will lead to business relocating to other countries or places where they can be available. Lastly, through air transport, companies can improve the competitiveness of a company in al l sectors. This includes the logistics, inventory, management, production and supporting the customers (Turnbull 2014). To many firms, accessing air services is a great deal as it is a determinant of their location of operations in the United Kingdom. Comparing the FedEx and the Mumbai freight company, we see how much successful the United Kingdom has become. Lately, there has been an issue in other freight airline companies and this includes the Boeing. This gives United Kingdom freight companies a reason to consider themselves successful (Babi?, Kuljanin Kali? 2015, pp.5). For example, we have Indian air cargo found in India. In the previous year, some of its employees were forced to leave the job as they were not getting paid well. In addition to that, shipment rates became too high for their customers that they had to relocate to other cargo services. With famous people like the Boeing and Airbus, the company still failed their clients (Edward-Jones et al. 2009, pp.480). Most of their aircraft were undergoing maintenance while their crew became limited. This leads to delayed flights and half offloading of goods. Such companies should emulate and seek advice from well-maintained companies such as those in the United Kingdom. H ence, proper management would lead to success in the airlines. Also, tending the clients and employees well would also increase the reputation and working of a company (Smilowitz 2017, pp. 440) How can a company maintain its comparative advantage? As survival is a common feature in the forest, in business, competition is a common phenomenon in business. For a business to be successful, it needs to maintain a competitive advantage in the industry (Doganis 2013). This involves countless efforts which are involved in planning, then developing and finally leasing their services or products to their clients. If a company finds a way to this, they become a model in the industry with minor errors experienced. The reason behind is that other companies will catch up soon by adopting best practices which help them to keep up the pace of the competition (Smilowitz 2017, pp.441). However, once clients adapt to such companies, they will find it difficult for them to distinguish between the two companies as both have same practices. Thus, there is need to show customers how far a company can go over the other in that competition so that they can gain confidence in working with it. A successful business has been able to make this distinction obvious to their customers, and therefore a freight company like FedEx tops the list in their service providence. For new businesses, it is obvious that it will first need a strategy of making their market aware of what sort of service they need to render and the specific individuals or groups that intend to be served (Turnbull 2014). First, to maintain the comparative advantage, the freight company need to choose on their priorities (Chao Li 2017, pp.27). For instance, it should choose whether their service is performed to numerous customers with few services or whether it will have fewer customers with a variety of services to provide. Look at FedEx. It specialized in proving little services, specifically cargo freighting, too many people. Centering this has helped them grow and has also helped the growth of the European Union (Taniguchi et al. 2014, pp.34) Secondly, ensuring that the activities and services practiced are related is also an aim. This helps the company to make a stand for its services to the product or services that they produce. For instance, in the freight industry, companies should stick to ferrying cargoes to different countries (Bergqvist Monios 2017, pp.7). Rather, if they have other activities, they should be related to what freighting is involved with. This will build an identity helping their clients to be keen on that product. It will maintain the comparative edge over others who would combine let us say freighting with manufacturing of products (Taniguchi et al. 2014, pp.53) However, just seeing these strategies in the paper would not ensure the growth of the company. Rather, active actions should be taken to ensure that both business executives and employees show commitment and understand the comparative advantage concept (Liimatainen 2014, pp.380). Well formulated strategies would eventually lead to good implementation which is one sure way of ensuring the comparative advantage is maintained. Could this be suitable for other companies, and if so explain why, if not explain why? Comparative knowledge is important to any company doing business. For instance, by knowing the status of ones company, it will be easier to know how competitive one is in the market (Suresh et al. 2017, pp.100). However, being ahead of other competitors is a plus. It will help in looking for ways of attracting more customers to ensure that the business runs smoothly. However, there are other companies which cannot specialize in one thing but still are very much successful. Take an example of the major car producing companies. They work on everything from scratch in assembling the car parts and then go on selling them themselves. Depending on how a company takes the comparative advantage theory, they can well utilize it and earn maximum profits and surpass their competitors (Navarro, Cronemy Huge-Brodin 2014) The ability to endure and maintain a process or a situation over a period is known as sustainability. In economics, it is the when a state, company or individual can uphold the production level of economy indefinitely (Hellerman, Huchzermeier Spinler 2013, pp.312). Thus, when progress meets its needs without negotiating with the future generations, this is known as sustainable growth. This concept contains two key concepts. First, limitations imposed by the state of the social organization and the technology department in a state to meet future standards. Secondly, the concept of needs to which the essential needs the worlds poor, overrides the priority that it deserves. Sustainability involves six major steps (Smilowitz 2017, pp.440). First, mapping of the supply chain is required. Then the sustainability plan should concentrate on the communications expectations. Thirdly, baseline supplier performance should be keenly checked while developing a good training and capacity building program (Ozceylan et al. 2016, pp. 43) Eventually, a drive performance improvement by the audit team is implemented, and lastly, the industry joins collaboration in making things work. In the freight sector, stakeholder pressure coming from either investors, customers or shareholders has greatly influenced the increase in this companys profits (Jaller, Snchez-Daz. and Holgun-Veras 2015, pp.49). By being able to improve and manage the social, economic and environmental performance, supply chains have been able to conserve their resources and optimize the processes. Also, product innovation has really been evident with an attempt of saving cost and increasing productivity to ensure corporate values have been upheld. This is evident in the United Kingdom freight markets. Its profits and even rankings have greatly improved showing how sustainability has been able to take the course (Taniguchi et al. 2014, pp.56). Questions from the study case. There are many factors which could affect the development of freight. this varies depending on the country that one is located in. for instance, some countries have very strict policies which might restrain the improvement of the freight industry. The United States is one of them. take an example of the Memphis international airport in Tennessee. It has very strict rules regarding pollution and aims at conserving their environment. For this, you will find few freight industries that are striving well as compared to those found in the United Kingdom. Also, America is an independent state which has very limited inquiries regarding goods. Instead, you will find them exporting materials which are not in use. For this, they do not consider freight market as a necessity to their government (Navarro, Cronemy Huge-Brodin 2014). With good management, a company would be expected to enormously grow. Such is the case when it comes to the major cargo hubs (Doganis 2013, pp.45). First, they have been able to maintain their clients and employees by ensuring that the service delivery is superb. Also, providing incentives to their workers has enabled them to be fast forward in ensuring that they provide quality services to their customers. Lastly, they have been able to uphold a good sustainable economic environment. For this, they are aware of their competitors and have worked hard so that they are always ahead of them (Tangichu et al. 2014, pp.62). Challenges that affect the development include first, the location of a firm as physical location is important to key freight markets. Secondly, the quality of the airport would really matter a lot. With congestion, delays can be caused which might, in turn, increase airport charges or delayed flight loading. Also, there are other factors which include environment, that is bad weather, governmental restrictions, for instance, reduce operating hours that make other countries have slugged cargo industry development (Smilowitz 2017, pp.440) Bibliography Aditjandra, P.T., Galatioto, F., Bell, M.C. and Zunder, T.H., 2016. Evaluating the impacts of urban freight traffic: application of micro-simulation at a large establishment.European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research,16(1), pp.4-22. Amaruchkul, K., Cooper, W.L., and Gupta, D., 2011. A note on air?cargo capacity contracts.Production and Operations Management,20(1), pp.152-162. Babi?, D., Kuljanin, J. and Kali?, M., 2015. Air Cargo Flow Analysis in the European Union. InProceedings from the 2nd Logistic International Conference, Belgrad (Serbia). Bergqvist, R. and Monios, J., 2017. Introduction. InIntermodal Freight Transport and Logistics(pp. 3-15). Chao, C.C., and Li, R.G., 2017. Effects of cargo types and load efficiency on airline cargo revenues.Journal of Air Transport Management,61, pp.26-33. Crozet, Y., 2014. Development of rail freight in Europe: What regulation can and cannot do.Center on Regulation in Europe (CERRE), pp 55-67. Divall, C., 2016. The Sea Container Revolution and Road-Rail Competition in Britain: a Preliminary Assessment of Freightliner. Infrom Rail to Road and Back Again?(pp. 155-174). Doganis, R., 2013.Flying off course: The economics of international airlines. Routledge. Edwards-Jones, G., Plassmann, K., York, E.H., Hounsome, B., Jones, D.L. and I Canals, L.M., 2009. The vulnerability of exporting nations to the development of a carbon label in the United Kingdom. environmental science policy, 12(4), pp76-107. Hellermann, R., Huchzermeier, A., and Spinler, S., 2013. Options contracts with overbooking in the air cargo industry.Decision Sciences,44(2), pp.297-327. Jaller, M., Snchez-Daz, I. and Holgun-Veras, J., 2015. Identifying Freight Intermediaries: Implications for Modeling of Freight Trip Generation.Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (2478), pp.48-56. Liimatainen, H., Nyknen, L., Arvidsson, N., Hovi, I.B., Jensen, T.C. and stli, V., (2014). Energy efficiency of road freight haulersA Nordic comparison.Energy Policy,67, pp.378-387. Lindholm, M. and Ballantyne, E.E., 2016. Introducing elements of due diligence in sustainable urban freight transport planning.Transportation Research Procedia,12, pp.66-78. Navarro, P., Cronemyr, P. and Huge-Brodin, M., 2017. What is the potential of process management to enhance sustainability in the freight transport sector? InEurOMA Conference 2017 in Edinburgh. zceylan, E., Erba?, M., Tolon, M., Kabak, M. and Dur?ut, T., 2016. Evaluation of freight villages: A GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis.Computers in Industry,76, pp.38-52. Smilowitz, K., 2017. Comments on: Continuous approximation models in freight distribution management.TOP,25(3), pp.440-442. Suresh, S., Renukappa, S., Alghanmi, I., Mushatat, S. and Olayinka, R., 2017. Examining the Satisfaction Level of Construction Workers Regarding Safety Management in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Journal of Construction in Developing Countries,22(1), pp.97-113. Taniguchi, E., Imanishi, Y., Barber, R., James, J. and Debauche, W., 2014. Public sector governance to implement freight vehicle transport management.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,125, pp.345-357. Turnbull, K.F., 2014. Developing Freight Fluidity Performance Measures: Supply Chain Perspective on Freight System Performance. Summary of a Workshop, May 21-22, 2014, Washington, DC.Transportation Research E-Circular, (E-C187).

Sin &Forgiveness In Hinduism Essays - Spirituality, Forgiveness

Sin &Forgiveness In Hinduism Sin begins in the realm of consciousness. When we are young we are taught by our guardians that which is ?right? from that which is ?wrong?. We grow up with the understanding that stealing our playmate's toys or hitting our grandparents is wrong and therefore, a sin. As we mature the concept of sin begins to change; it is no longer quite so easy to define or to explain and its repercussions become much more severe than a grounding. Sin is a malicious act, intent-full, deliberate and harmful. An act is considered sinful when, though the perpetrator may gain some form of momentary satisfaction, the action inflicts harm to someone or something else. In reference to Hinduism, a sin is an immoral act; It is ungodly or unethical. The concept of ahimsa (to do or cause no harm) to a Hindu is very sacred and from childhood he is taught to respect and abide by this ideal. Therefore, any step towards dishonoring this paragon is a sin. The story of Svetaketu Aruneya offers a subtle definition of sin. The boy was so proud of himself for having learned the Vedas that his high opinion's of himself stood in the way of his most important lesson and understanding; that of faith. Here, Svetaketu's ego served as a maya and kept him from realizing moksha. Since it is the Hindu's ultimate goal to achieve moksha, all which stands as a barrier is a sin. In a Hindu's life there are different stages which he must pass through before he reaches the end of his life. Each stage is representative of different levels of learning, understanding and growth. Though sin (or rather its potential) is prevalent throughout the four stages, forgiveness becomes an extremely important factor towards reaching moksha. Forgiveness, for the Hindus, begins with self realization that one has sinned. Without this realization, forgiveness cannot begin. The moment this realization is reached the sinner begins his process of forgiveness through growing from his mistakes. Much like the Western traditional views of sin and forgiveness, a Hindu is bound to the same principles; he must consciously realize his sin and with a sincere heart, ask for forgiveness, both to the person he has sinned against and then to God. Shiva, the God of rebirth and destruction is revered by devout Hindu's as a God with a very hot and unpredictable temper, but also as a very forgiving and just God. The Gods of Hinduism hold no grudges against repenting sinners and thus, good Hindu's must not either. At the source of Hinduism lies transcendence. Not to forgive is a sin in itself for it furthers one from complete liberation. It is understood that in order to achieve peace within oneself, forgiveness is inevitable. Karma, often misunderstood or improperly used in the Western culture, can best be described as the proverbial ?to each his own?. Therefore, it is not for the independent individual to judge whether forgiveness is merited or not. Forgiveness offers relief: relief from pending tensions, ill-feeling and mounting egoism. Forgiveness saves one form becoming selfish and egotistical. Physical exercise, meditation through different forms of yoga, devotion, spiritual cleansing through prayer and ?public chanting?(Sharma, 40), all of these exercises are performed in order to achieve a heightened sense of consciousness. It is through consciousness that one may avoid that which is bad, harmful and evil, both to oneself and to others. This is the achievement of egolessness (24). The more one learns to forgive the happier and more peaceful they will feel. The obtainment of moksha, cannot be realized through the containment of negative energy which is associated with animosity, ill thoughts or malevolence. Rather, Hinduism teaches that it is better to forgive, to receive freedom and gain liberation for oneself, this is fulfillment, this is moksha. Religion Essays

Sikh

Sikh Amongst the first remarks made by Guru Nanak upon his enlightenment as a Sikh, is that ‘there is no Hindu, there is no Musalman’ (Singh 134). Guru Nanak, the religious founder of Hindu Sikhism, used this remark to address the long standing relationship between Sikh and the Muslim. Nanak implied that all human beings are equal and that any profiling of people on the basis of their religion, skin colour, gender or any other form of stereotypical description is founded on ignorance.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sikh-Muslim conflict specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nanak also added that racial profiling of people does not have any sense of truth since all people are created equally by one creator. As such people from all backgrounds ought to live in peace and harmony, love and kindness towards each other as brothers and sisters from the same creator. Despite Guru Nanak’s philosophy of peac e and love towards each other, the conflict between Hindu Sikhs, of which Nanak was one and the Muslim has had along history. The Sikh-Muslim conflict has evolved over long period of time but many philosophers, analysts and scholars tend to focus on the negative nature of this special relationship forgetting the more positive aspects. Suffice to say that, other than the strong personal relationship between Guru Nanak and other Muslim leaders of the time, it has also been recorded that some Muslim solders served in Guru Nanak’s Hindu army. Despite the positive relationship the Sikh-Muslim conflict has at times been so strained to the extent that it has turned violent. Moreover, many philosophers and scholar argue that this conflict is religio-political. Therefore, despite friendly relationship between the Sikh and the Muslim, violent confrontations have characterised this conflict that has also assumed the religio-political perspective. Despite the fact that Many Muslims and S ikhs view each other as inveterate enemies, these two communities have a long and complex relationship characterised, at times by very friendly relationships. Many scholars tend to focus their attention on studying the more confrontational aspects of this special relationship. However, the Sikh-Muslim relationship is historically founded on cooperation rather than conflict. Many Sikhs and Muslim are oblivious of the fact that Guru Nanak sole aim was to promote friendly relationships between the Hindu and the Muslim people. Guru Nanak sought to attain this by bridging the existing gap between the two communities through his teaching of love, peace and harmony. Furthermore one of Guru Nanak’s closet ally and disciple, Mardana, was a Muslim. Other than this, Guru Nanak made several symbolic journeys to Mecca and Baghdad in search of peace between Sikhs and Muslim. There are other symbolic occurrences that sought to cement friendly relationship between the two communities.Adverti sing Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Harminder Sahib, the Golden Temple of the Hindu Sikh, had its foundation stone laid by a muslin cleric Hazrat Mian Mir Sahib upon the requests of Guru Arjan (Sikand, â€Å"Interview† paras 7 – 10). Singh also reports that some of the soldiers who served in Guru Nanak’s army professed the Muslim faith, while still maintaining their loyalty to Guru Nanak (134). As such to claim that the Sikh-Muslim relations have been usually negative is to miss the point. Despite the long history of friendly relationship, the Sikhs and the Muslim have also have bitter differences that have at times turned violent. The confrontation have at times been too much violent that the two communities have been accused of ‘washing their dirty linen in public’ (Kundnani para 1). There are various instances of violent conf rontations between the Muslim and the Hindu Sikhs in recent times. Some of these violent confrontations have been motivated by such issues as war on terror. In 2001, Sikhs and Muslims engaged on running battler in Bradford, India, over the differences of the definition of terrorism. In the same year, a 15 year old Hindu girl was reportedly severely injured after an argument over the event of the September 2001 bombing of the world trade centre in New York. Some of the violent confrontations between these two communities have turned tragic, such as the killing of three British Muslims on holiday in India. It has been reported that the killings were inspired by the state sponsored war against terrorism and as such any Muslim especially foreigners in the Gujarat state was seen as a representation of terrorism. The state government was accused of distributing weapon such as machetes that were used in such murders (Kundnani para 2 – 4). While the confrontation seems like isolated occurrences, the violence is a manifestation of long running hatred inspired by religious and political propaganda. This type of propaganda is spread through journals, newspaper and newsletter articles, with very strong views against the other community dominating such publications. Readers of these articles are influenced to stand up and defended their sovereignty. This type of attitude has slowly led to the build up of these violent confrontations (Brass 436, 438). The conflict between the Sikhs and Muslims is a result of the long standing religious and political differences. Suffice to say that that other than being racial groups, the Sikhs and the Muslim are distinctive religious groups.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sikh-Muslim conflict specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The confrontations are drawn out of the fact that the Sikhs and the Muslims religious foundations have assumed a political dimension such that the two see each other as opposing political ideologies. The hostilities emerge as a result of the intention of the Sikhs and the Muslims to maintain a religious identity through a political agenda (Johnstone 132). This type of religious and political identification is totally against the philosophy of Guru Nanak (Singh 134). Due to the concerted effort of Guru Nanak and other Muslim clerics made to maintain friendliness in the 15th and 16the centuries, the religious and political hostilities are only sees as the characteristic of post-Nanak era. Furthermore, the post Nanak Sikh identity has fundamentally changed from the open an accommodating to a more radical religio-political identity. The Sikh sees the Islam as the enemy religion. These strong religion-political conflicts are felt in Punjab where the two communities kill each other in what is seen as religious massacre (Sikand, â€Å" Life of Baba Nanak† para 4). The strong religion and political differences sti ll drive the conflict not only in Punjab but in other areas such Kashmir today. The Sikh and the Muslim have a complex historical relationship. Despite the fact that many see this relationship and only based on violent confrontation, the Sikhs and the Muslim have existed peacefully. There have been several instances of cooperation between Sikhs and Muslims scuh as the laying of the foundation stone of the Sikhs golden temple in Amritsar by a Muslim cleric, a symbolic event that is emblematic of the historical cooperation between the two communities. The violent nature of Sikh-Muslim relationship is a manifestation of religious and political differences that exist between the two communities. Due to the complexities involved, there is no end in sight to this historical affair. Brass ,Paul. The production of Hindu-Muslim violence in contemporary India.  Washington: University of Washington Press, 2003. Print Johnstone, Ronald. Religion in society: A sociology of religion. Michigan: Prentice Hall, 2006. PrintAdvertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kanwarjit, Singh. Political philosophy of the Sikh gurus. New Delhi: Atlantic publisher and distributors, 1989. Print Kundnani, Arun. An unholy alliance? Racism, religion and communalism. 2002. July 14, 2011 irr.org.uk/news/an-unholy-alliance-racism-religion-and-communalism/ Sikand, Yoginder. Interview : Makhdoom Syed Chan Pir Qadri on Sikh Muslim relations. 2002. Web. Sikand, Yoginder. Re-Imagining Sikh-Muslim Relations in the light of the Life of Baba Nanak. 2005. July 14, 2011 theamericanmuslim.org/tam.php/features/articles/re_imagining_sikh_muslimrelations_in_the_light_of_the_life_of_baba_nanak/

Legal and Ethical Aspects of Medication Administration Case Study Essay

Legal and Ethical Aspects of Medication Administration Case Study - Essay Example cases, the charges are being considered by the state, whereas in the third case, the nurse who made the error was sentenced to the probation of two years. I would take the position with the plaintiffs in the first and third case. Whatever the case is, it is the responsibility of the health providers to provide best medical services to the patients and with full care and attention. Patients come to health providers for medical care. They do not expect such blunders from them which can even take their lives. Therefore, charges should be made against the people involved in medical errors to make them and others aware of the consequences of showing negligence, as well as to make them feel their responsibility. However, in the second case, the pharmacy technician should be held responsible because he/she was the one who stocked incorrect medicine for infants. All three errors made in the cases described in the article could have been prevented if the clinical staff would have shown some responsibility. For example, in the first case, the person responsible for providing the medical care should have checked the patient at the right time instead of letting her wait for a long time. It is clear that she forgot to check her within time because making a patient wait for almost two hours does not make any sense. In the second case, the chances of prevention of error were less because nurses usually use the medicine stored in the right places. Pharmacy technician could have prevented this error by placing the right medicine at the right place. Moreover, in the third case, the error could have been prevented if a senior gynecologist would have supervised the medical procedure instead of letting the nurse perform the complex medical procedure on her own. In the first case, the primacy of the needs of patients surrounds the case because a nurse should feel the responsibility of providing correct care to the patient at the correct time. Section 2.1 (primacy of the patient’s

Critically examine the strengths and weaknesses of the UK's uncodified Essay

Critically examine the strengths and weaknesses of the UK's uncodified constitition - Essay Example However, none of the constitutions in the world countries is known to have perfectly performed its mandate and achieved perfection in its use. Different constitutions in various countries have their own flaws, which limit their effectiveness in those countries. Therefore, although constitutions give direction in governance and highly influence many spheres in a country, they all have their own disadvantages. This is also the case with the constitution of the United Kingdom, which has advantages and disadvantages in the country, due to various reasons, as will be discussed. The constitution of the UK is quite different from those of most countries. While most countries in the world use written constitutions in their governance, the UK continues to make use of the uncodified constitution. By uncodified, it does not mean that none of the elements constituting the constitution is written down. However, in this constitution, one or more elements constituting the constitution might be written down, but there is no one single or whole document, having all the elements of the constitution written in it. Most countries however, as noted, use the written or codified constitution; this includes even the United States of America. Therefore, being among the few countries that do not use a written constitution, considerable attention has been drawn to the significance of the constitution of the UK (Pilkington 1999). The unwritten constitution of the United Kingdom is also referred to as an uncodified constitution. This is a more appropriate term to refer to the UK constitution. Pilkington (1999) emphasizes that, the United Kingdom has different parts of its constitution written down, but what it only lacks is a one document, compiling all those elements of the constitution. Therefore, this means that the United Kingdom uses convention and common

breakdown class divisions in society

breakdown class divisions in society Give a brief description of the effects of changes to educational legislation since 1944. Explain how the changes reflected government education policies and identify current educational priorities. The purpose of this assignment is to summarise education legislation from 1944 to present day and relate this to changes in government policy. There were many changes in education from 1944 to the modern day National Curriculum that we use today. In 1944 The Education Act was introduced that made education available to everyone up to the age of fifteen. The Education Act is more commonly referred to as The Butler Act as it was founded by Richard Austen Butler (Rab Butler), a conservative politician. Butlers 1944 Education Act was an attempt to create the structure for the post-war British education system. The Butler act also introduced the tri-partite system of education. The tri-partite system tested children at the age of eleven (11 plus examination), and depending on their level of aptitude they would then attend a technical college, a secondary modern or a grammar school. The more academic students attended grammar schools, technically minded students attended technical colleges and the rest attended secondary moderns. The act also created a network of support services for schools to which included health care treatment, school transport and school meals for 5 15 year olds which were overseen by the newly created post of Minister of Education. The Labour Government when they came into power in 1965 decided to introduce Comprehensive Schooling education (Circular 10/65). Labour preferred this system of schooling over the Conservative Selective Method. They had three main aims: To save money and improve facilities. To breakdown class divisions in society with all sorts of pupils mixing in the same school. To raise the abilities of the majority of students who had been failing in secondary modern schools. At the next election in 1970, the new Conservative education minister Margaret Thatcher withdrew the Circular 10/65. The priority of the Conservative government was to smash the L.E.A. control over the local schools. The replacement Circular 10/70 allowed each authority to decide its own policy for secondary education. As a result of these changes education standards in secondary schools varied and the methods employed to teacher were wide -ranging. Primary schools remained largely unchanged and stable with the exception of the debate over the 11 plus examination. The Education Reform (ERA) in 1988 is one of the most influential changes to legislation that is still in place today, and this was the most important act since the Butler act in 1944. It was established by the Conservative Government and saw a number of key changes to the rules and regulations. The 1988 education act also introduced the National Curriculum. The National Curriculum was introduced to ensure that schools taught a certain range of subjects. The first National Curriculum consisted of ten subjects. These were divided into two categories. The three core subjects were English, Maths and Science, and together with seven other foundation subjects created the basis of the National Curriculum. Compulsory National tests (SATS) were introduced at 7, 11 and 14 on core subjects. The results are published annually in league tables (along with GCSE/A levels and truancy statistics). The 1988 act also allowed the building of City Technology Colleges. They were independent and not run by the LEAs. The governments new strategy introduced the new Local Management of Schools (LMS) policy which reduced the control over schools by letting them opt-out of L.E.A. control. The 1992, OFSTED (The Office for Standards in Education) was formed as part of the major overhaul and centralisation of the school system begun by the Education Reform Act 1988, which introduced the National Curriculum, extensive testing in schools and the publication of league tables. OFSTED inspections were school inspections every 6 years. In 1997 The New Labour Government came into power, it was predicted that New Labour would reverse most of the changes implemented by the previous government but that never occurred. Instead they continued with the Conservatives initiatives and further developed them with the The Education Act 2002. This act introduced the foundation stage for primary nursery and reception year groups. The latest act to be implemented is the The Education and Inspection Bill 2006 which was passed in March 2006 by the Labour Government. The main areas of change in education are as follows: Foundation (Trust) Schools. School admissions policies to be changed to allow parents to select schools of their choice. Changes to the National Curriculum to include new diplomas to replace current A-Levels to be implemented by 2013. Changes to school travel to allow greater access to a variety of schools rather than local ones. School food and drink provided for children in education and childcare settings. The United Kingdom general election of 2010 was held on Thursday 6th May 2010. A coalition government was set up by the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats (The last coalition government was during World War 2). The immediate changes that took place were to rename and reshape The Department for Education DFE (Previously called Department for Children, Schools and Families DCFS). The government reverted the departments responsibilities back to education and childrens services only. The following day Rat Hon Michael Gove was confirmed as the new Secretary of State for Education. At present some policy changes decided by the previous government have been put on hold, reversed or abolished until the new government decides on its priorities. The future changes to the new primary national curriculum which were put forward by Sir Jim Rose to be implemented from September 2011 have been shelved, the government stating that it does not intend to proceed with the new primary curriculum. Instead they are committed to giving schools more freedom from unnecessary prescription and bureaucracy. They have always made clear their intention to make changes to the National Curriculum that will ensure a relentless focus on the basics and give teachers more flexibility than the proposed new primary curriculum offered. Another casualty includes Building Schools for the Future (BSF) project which is now canceled. Rt Hon Michael Gove said in the light of the public finances, it would have been irresponsible to carry on regardless with an inflexible and needlessly complex programme. The coalition has set out some of its new priorities since coming to power which include the expansion of academies throughout the education system in England. Academies are schools that are directly funded by central government and are independent of local government control. Rt Hon Michael Gove unveiled the governments new proposed Free Schools. Free Schools are all-ability state-funded schools set up in response to parental demand. These new schools will be academies, which are publicly funded independent schools, free from local authority control. They will enjoy the same freedoms as traditional academies, which include setting their own pay and conditions for staff, freedom from following the National Curriculum and the ability to change the lengths of their terms and school days. All Free Schools will be accountable like other state schools via inspections and tests. Under the new plans it will become much easier for charities, universities, businesses, educational groups, teachers and groups of parents to get involved and start new schools. Ministers are working right across Government to remove the red tape which can prevent new schools from setting up from planning laws, to the Departments own school premises rules. In my opinion, since the introduction of the 1944 Education Act, there have been some negative and positive points. For example the 1944 Butler act, after reflecting on it, you could clearly observe that it was typically biased towards to the middle / upper class families. Lower class families more often than not would end in secondary moderns achieving little or nothing. Having said this, the positive points outweighed the negative greatly as it was the start towards the National Curriculum that we have today. I believe that the 1988 Education reform act was the keystone to greatly improving the standards of education that children receive in todays society. This is because before the act, the standard of education students received was highly based on class status. Teachers also taught a range of subjects that they wished to teach as there were no set subjects so what you could be taught varied across the country. This led to many students leaving school with limited knowledge. Now, however, with the introduction of the National Curriculum, National Testing and OFSTED inspections and many other reforms after it, most students now leave school with a ample knowledge and understanding, as well as many transferable skills, such as the ability to analyse and discuss, which they can then take onto university or work and develop in the future. For the time being we will have to wait while the new government decides on its educational priorities until then we can speculate and wait. By Keith Lyons

Militarism

IntroductionMilitarism is a policy where a country finds it necessary to have a strong army or defense system in preparation for war. Covert activities are activities which a countries government gets involved in but would like to keep a secret. John Friedman, (2005)BodyAfter the bomb, America greatly glorified militarism because they began to realize that they had a great number of enemies who were willing to do anything to finish her off in terms of war. The realization that with their current military power at the time their enemies were still able to get to them simply meant that they had to glorify militarism if they were to be assured of a future. John Friedman, (2005) The extent of militarism in our country is so great as evident from the budget allocations of the government of America which give defense such a big consideration.In fact the military of the USA was according to one writer considered to have the strength of the 7 countries ranked behind it combined. The country has the best air defense military in the world. America has also invested greatly in science whereby they sponsor companies to come up with new scientific inventions that make their military even more invincible. The bomb was like an awakening. America also became aggressive military wise as they prepared to take on Iraq in war and even North Korea at the slightest hint of defiance towards anti nuclear weapons. John Friedman, (2005)The issue of militarism should be of concern to all Americans because it means that the country continue to create enemies whom it might not be able to control. As America builds its army, more and more people feel threatened and thus feel provoked even with the slightest suggestion by the American government to any government. In terms of global expansionism, America was able to use its superior military to conquer new grounds for which it could grow its economy as these grounds provided market.Nuclear weapons became a threat after the bomb. Alexander Co ckburn, (1999). The main question here being that if our enemies posses these kind of weapons, how can we be assured of safety if they have already shown their willingness to use anything to finish them off. Hence America fought hard to keep the manufacture of these weapons to a minimum. John Friedman, (2005)This campaign was very sincere to the extent that they said Iraq was making nuclear weapons as an excuse for them to invade Iraq. Alexander Cockburn, (1999)America also began to engage in covert activities as they tried their best to look diplomatic while still engaging in their â€Å"war on terror†. This was a necessary action as they did not want to create more enemies with other threats still pending or rather having not been dealt with. America engaged so deeply in this activity that to this day there are still conspiracies that are still not clear as to whether they were of this government. John Friedman, (2005). For example the 911 attacks on the World Trade Center. Some say it was a government conspiracy so as to get a go ahead with their war on Iraq and the war on terror.This was because the rest of the world did not support the Americans’ intentions. Hence the argument that by attacking themselves and blaming it on their enemies, they were able to get their way. One of the most clear covert activities that the United States of America engaged in was that of toppling the government of Iraq and creating a new government that will work by its demands. The USA toppled the governance of Saddam Hussein in Iraq with a claim that the country was harboring Al-Qaeda militia that was perceived to be a threat to the USA. Currently the countries army is trained and maintained by the USA.John Friedman, (2005), Rumors were also widely spread that the Iraqi president Sadam Hussein was planning to have the country working on nuclear energy. In fact, the raid on Iraq may have been mainly centered on this fact. After the raid on Iraq, no nuclear activi ty was ever found to have taken place in Iraq hence they had to find other excuses as to why they raided the country which included the harboring of the dreaded Al-Qaeda groups that mainly dealt with planning terrorism. This also translates to covert action on the part of USA. John Friedman, (2005)Global expansionism and militarism have played a key role in post- war America in that after a war the countries economy begins to fall sharply. By global expansionism and militarism the country is able to expand the market for its products and in the process creates trade conditions for competing countries. A good case would be the dominance of American products in the African countries where countries are given conditions for loans and protection.In the process global sanctions are created that limit upcoming economies e.g. North Korea, China, India etc. This creates a topic of great concern because with this sanctions, defiance arises e.g. in North Korea, and the result is creation of m issiles and nuclear weaponry. This poses a great threat to the people of USA security-wise. Alexander Cockburn, (1999)The CIA has been tactfully used to cause the subversion of political powers. Some examples include: CIA covert activities on Iran, Cuba and Chile include things like information war. It’s better described as a propaganda mission. Iran is mainly being targeted with pro-democracy messages with the hope that the people will at some point create an upraise against the current system of governance so as to get democracy working for them too. In the process the very people America is fighting against will be eliminated without much struggle i.e. by their own hands.Alexander Cockburn, (1999), In other countries the CIA has secretly involved itself with funding organizations such that these organizations slowly form rebellions against their government. These may include political parties, trade unions and business associations, youth and student organizations, groups e.g. women's groups, civic organizations, religious communities, professional, intellectual and cultural societies, etc. Such rebellions are very handy in toppling governments, dividing and weakening countries. Although they have never quite succeeded in overturning the Fidel Castro regime in Cuba, this has always been their long standing aim. Alexander Cockburn, (1999)ConclusionThe American government greatly upholds Militarism as the country has many enemies arising from its policies. It also engages in covert activities to be able to exert its influence on other countries of interest because if this were to come out clearly then it would loose the support of the United Nations and would become a public enemy. William Blum, (1995).ReferencesWilliam Blum, (1995), Killing Hope, published by Common Courage Press John Friedman, (2005), The secret histories, published by Picador USAAlexander Cockburn, (1999), Whiteout, published by Verso; New Ed edition

Effects on Divorce on Children Essay

However some people think that it’s an easy process to get a divorce two separate roperties and signing papers may seem like an easy task some however there are major problems can arise from the divorce like who is going to keep the timeshare in Aspen. But one vital issue arises with the presence of children and how it will affect them in the long run studies suggest that children that go through divorce express signs of distress for example acting out in school. Divorce is Just as hard on the children as it is the adults and if they overlook this their children might be affected for even years to come showing concern for this might prevent this. More than half of all divorces involve children under the age of 18. Divorce does not only affect the husband and wife, but now more than ever their children get mixed up in the, sometimes ugly, process of divorce. A vital question every parent should consider is will divorce have effects on children and is staying together for the sake of their well-being the best resolution, if not what are the ideal approaches to minimize the child’s distress? The overall reason I picked this topic is because after a divorce many young children are confused. They are confused because they are sometimes too young to nderstand what is going on so they tend to scream for help but their parents ignore them. Then they can sometimes start to act out in school and their parents know why they are doing it but cannot help them express their feelings. This topic is sociologically important because young children need help understanding what divorce is and how to cope with it. All of these reason I’ll be sure to make a point of explaining them further and using reliable statistics taken from studies of children of divorce. This question should interest almost everyone that plans of getting married in the future. Divorce clearly isn’t something that couples want or even expect in a marriage but unfortunately such events occur that lead to divorce and it is crucial to know how it may affect children in the long run. David Masci the author of the article â€Å"Does divorce turn children into troubled adults? argues that divorce might turn children into troubled adults, and I agree because he provides viable evidence to support his theory. His argument that is supported by new research showing that almost half of all children in the United States have to deal with their parents dissolution of marriage nd these some of these children show signs of distress in the later year. Mainly likelihood of health, emotional, and behavioral problems, lower a cademic achievement and an increased risk of divorce when they marry. In addition, â€Å"early sex, out-of-wedlock pregnancy, alcohol and drug abuse, delinquency and suicide are more prevalent among adolescents from divorced families than among those from intact families† (Masci) I wholeheartedly endorse what David Masci argues. While many children grow up leading healthy and productive lives after a divorce occurs, they are at greater risk for emotional and physical problems. Some children are more emotionally affected by divorce than others. But some do not experience serious, long-term emotional problems A child’s emotional security also becomes more fragile during this difficult time of divorce. Fears that both parents will abandon the child are common. Depending on the age of the child, some of the ways a child might express this emotional insecurity may be large amounts of anger, directed both toward others and themselves frequent breaking of rules, sleep problems, defying parents or teachers, frequent guilt, increasing isolation or withdrawal from friends and family, drug and/or alcohol buse, early sexual activity, thoughts of suicide or violence. Many children of divorce believe that they caused the divorce or that they did something wrong that made one or both parents not want to be with them. These feelings can cause a child to feel sad, depressed, and angry. These negative emotions can contribute to other problems, such as poor health, difficulty in school, and problems with friends, to name a few. Parents can help their children avoid some of the negative consequences of these emotions by using â€Å"emotion coaching,† a process of helping children be aware of and talk about their emotions. Children who experience the divorce of their parents generally are more likely to struggle socially compared to children from intact families. They are more likely to be aggressive, have poorer relationships with same-age children, and have fewer close friends. Also, these children and teenagers appear to be less involved in extracurricular activities, such as sports or music, and other enrichment programs, such as after-school classes or summer programs. This is likely due to less money to pay for such activities, less availability of parents to drive the child and attend lessons and events, ore frequent moves, and visiting and custody schedules that interrupt participation in team sports and other activities. Children and teenagers who experience the divorce of their parents may end up getting less parental supervision. As a result, some scholars believe that these children may be more susceptible to the influence of their peers and this increases the chances of them getting involved in deviant behavior, including drug and alcohol use and smoking. Generally, research has not found large differences in how boys and girls tend to adjust to divorce. However, it seems that boys, more than girls, tend to be more aggressive toward others and this can lead to their friends and peers rejecting them. Boys may be somewhat more likely to act in defiant ways at home and in school; girls may be somewhat more likely to experience anxiety and depression. A child’s age when his or her parents divorce is another factor that parents worry about. But divorce on children has not shown a consistent pattern. Some studies suggest that romantic relationships in the future of children of divorce can be affected because of their experiences as a young child. In addition, ome scholars believe that children of divorce are less likely to learn crucial social skills in the home, such as cooperation, negotiation, and compromise that are necessary for success in life. Children exposed to high levels of conflict between their parents, both before and after a divorce, may learn to model the poor communication of their parents.

What I Learned At The Group - 818 Words

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