Causes of the Afghan Civil War

Reasons for the Afghan Civil War Mohammad Haseeb Daudzai Who obliterated Kabul? The Afghan Civil War which began in 1989 and finished in 1992 was one of the bloodiest and most dangerous wars in Afghan history. This war had two stages. The primary stage was battled between the Afghan government and the Mujahedeen, and the subsequent stage was battled between various gatherings of the Mujahedeen. The Afghan Civil War which brought about in excess of 100,000 passings and the pulverization of Kabul was brought about by different factors some of which were: Afghan individuals, Afghanistan’s economy, Afghan government officials and remote contribution. Above all else, Afghanistan is a multicultural nation with in excess of ten ethnic gatherings and in excess of thirty dialects. Afghans have a few contrasts in their way of life, as well. Most of Afghans follow both of the two schools of fiqh (schools of Islamic law) to be specific Jafari and Hanafi. The education rate is additionally low in Afghanistan. These social contrasts, strict issues and low education rate make prejudice a typical wonder among the individuals and it’s simple for anybody to incite a war in Afghanistan. In 1992, racists from various ethnic gatherings began welcoming their ethnic gatherings to battle against other ethnic gatherings, so they could pick up power in Afghanistan. The economy of Afghanistan was exceptionally feeble in 1989 when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was leaving Afghanistan. Joblessness arrived at its pinnacle. In spite of the fact that Dr. Najibullah arranged various systems for making a steady economy in Afghanistan, but since gas wells were heavily influenced by the Mujahedeen, the legislature was totally reliant on the USSR help, subsequently the greater part of those procedures fizzled. Because of joblessness, individuals began keeping in certain parts from Kabul, so they began challenging the legislature in Kabul. These fights gave the Mujahedeen a decent reason for assaulting Kabul which denoted the main period of the Afghan Civil War. Back in 1980s when the USSR had full control of Afghanistan, eight gatherings were framed contrary to the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) which was straightforwardly bolstered and affected by the Soviet Union. All these eight gatherings called themselves Mujahedeen (Holy warriors). These gatherings battled against the USSR for a long time. Following nine years of battling in Afghanistan, the USSR lost the war to the Mujahedeen and had to pull back their powers from Afghanistan. In 1989, preceding leaving Afghanistan, the USSR chose Dr. Najibullah to be the leader of Afghanistan after they left. Dr. Najibullah was an individual from the PDPA, subsequently his administration was not adequate to the Mujahedeen and they kept on battling, which incited a common war between Afghan armed force and the Afghan Mujahedeen. In excess of 20,000 Afghans were murdered in this first period of the Afghan Civil War. In 1992 Dr. Najibullah left his position. Afghan warlords knew Dr. Najib would at long last leave and all of them needed to have his spot so they sorted out a social occasion in Peshawar, Pakistan. This social event brought about shaping another legislature and a bureau which should take power after Dr. Najibullah surrendered. Moreover, Ahmad Shah Masood shaped an administering board known as Shura e Nazar, which was made out of 120 military officers from various pieces of northern Afghanistan, to regulate the exercises of the up and coming government. In 1992, the new government dealt with Kabul and significant pieces of Afghanistan. Sibghatullah Mujadeedi was selected as the new leader of Afghanistan, however because of his poor authority abilities he was before long supplanted by Burhanuddin Rabbani. Rabbani was an individual from Shura e Nazar and with the exception of Tajik warlords nobody needed him to be the President of Afghanistan. Following a month, the second and bloodiest period of the Afghan Civil War started. In excess of 50,000 regular citizens were executed distinctly in Kabul and it was isolated into various parts, each part constrained by an alternate gathering. For instance Kart e Parwan area was constrained by Ahmad Shah Masood’s powers and just Tajik individuals lived there, Taimani region was constrained by Abdul Ali Mazari’s powers and just Hazara individuals lived there and on the off chance that anybody from Kart e Parwan challenged to go to Taimani or the other way around, the contrary party would murder him. Following two months of Rabbani’s government the Mujahedeen began terminating rockets over the lanes of Kabul as result nobody was protected anyplace in Kabul. In the interim Gulbudin Hekmatyar, who was bolstered by Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, needed to be the leader of Afghanistan, thus he began battling the legislature and Abdul Ali Mazari went along with him. The Civil War in Afghanistan was a piece of the Cold War. As per George Crile, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) propelled Operation Cyclone to support the Mujahedeen against the USSR. In 1980 the measure of these assets came to $30 million every year and in 1987 this sum rose to $630 million every year. The CIA additionally gave weapons including Type-56 rifles and FIM-92 stingers to the Mujahedeen. The main stinger which end up being an extremely successful weapon, was propelled in 1986 close to Jalalabad by the Mujahedeen, consequently 500 extra stingers were given to the Mujahedeen by the CIA. Pakistan likewise began supporting the Mujahedeen which brought about the USSR giving extra AK 47s to the Afghan armed force. The USSR additionally gave in excess of 2500 SCUD rockets to the Afghan government. Dr. Najibullah utilized the SCUDs against Pakistan and gave the AK 47s to the Afghan armed force. Several rockets were discharged on the outskirt among Afghanistan and Pakistan as a reaction to Pakistan’s backing of the Mujahedeen and the US weapons supplies to the Mujahedeen that came through Pakistan. In 1992, Dr. Najibullah surrendered. Dr. Najib’s renunciation denoted the finish of the principal period of the Afghan Civil War. Pakistan kept supporting Gulbudin Hekmatyar against the Afghan government and requested that he continue battling against the administration till he increased full force in Kabul and supplanted Rabbani. Saudi Arabia likewise began supporting Hekmatyar. The second period of the War started after Hekmatyar began shelling Kabul. Relations between Shura e Nazar and General Abdul Rasheed Dostom who presently had the full help of Uzbekistan, had soured and Dostom needed to leave Kabul. In the wake of leaving Kabul, Dostom began shelling Kabul from the entryways of Kabul. In excess of 50,000 regular citizen were slaughtered in Kabul in daze shelling (1) (likewise called rockety koor ([blind rockets]). To close, during these two periods of the Afghan common war, which kept going from 1989 to 1992, in excess of 100,000 Afghans were executed, a large number of Kabul residents were harmed and lost their homes and nothing was found in Kabul with the exception of besieged structures and indications of various weapons utilized during the war. The Afghan Civil war was brought about by four main considerations, the Afghan individuals, Afghan economy, Afghan legislators and remote forces.

Native American Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Local American Music - Essay Example Move rivalries are typically a piece of a Powwow to advance cooperation between the individuals inside similar clans or between various individuals from various clans. The Grand passage denotes the start of a Powwow. All the individuals enter the showground and everybody is approached to lift up banners. These banners incorporate distinctive inborn banners alongside a US banner which is brought up in memory of the considerable number of wars and fights pursued by the tribesmen in the nation. The music for the melodies and the move rivalry is given by the drums. The drum is extraordinarily intended to be enormous and a gathering of drummers beat it while the conventional tunes are being sung. There is commonly a beginning tune for the occasion, the fabulous passage tune as a require all the individuals who have taken an interest, banner tunes to show energy and regard and an end tune to check the finish of the Powwow. The Powwow is a method of the tribes’ thanksgiving to the ma ker and the moves are dealt with like a contribution. The move exhibitions are a method of festivity of the hover of life and consequently the setting of the Powwow is likewise a circle. The territory saved for moving is known as arbor and is additionally an enormous roundabout region inside the area. The majority of the social exercises like challenge moving, drum rivalry, ceremonials, singing and social show for the most part occur inside the arbor. Challenge moving is really an advancement of the conventional moving in which great artists were granted with little prizes. Presently the artists have colossal fan following and are given substantial money prizes for the diversion they give to everybody going to the Powwow. The other amusement exercises like betting games, marches, food slows down, presentation of expressions and artworks as a rule occur outside the arbor. After the fantastic passage execution and the banner tunes, there are customary moves performed which incorporate the sneak-up move, triumph move, between inborn move and veteran’s move. A significant piece of the Powwow culture is the regard and adoration which they hold for conventions and people. Respecting tunes are consequently additionally a fundamental piece of a Powwow. Regarding melodies are sung for specific people as well as in memory of a specific occasion. These tunes may commend the valor of a saint or the organization aptitudes of a notable chief of a specific clan. These melodies may likewise be sung in recognition of a war or a specific social practice. Sneak up move melody: The sneak up move is one of the most well known moves of the Native American clans. The move is really a scene of a scene which portrays how to ‘sneak’ up on a foe or a prey. There are various forms of this move however every one of them run on a similar subject of utilizing secrecy to increase a favorable position over the rival. In the most celebrated and the most seasoned variant of the move, arbor speaks to a fight ground where a few men have gotten injured and need assistance from their partners. Prior to the beginning of the move, the injured are accompanied in the arbor. During the initial segment of the move the injured remain in their position still while the artists hit the dance floor with their heads confronting the injured. At that point the moving beat begins the drums to make roaring stable which really represents the activity and commotion of the combat zone. The rhythms at that point become moderate and the artists moderate their development and advance towards the injured. At the point when the beating stops, the artists freeze in

In Prison

In Prison At 12:20pm, on December 4, 2013, Wednesday,   I had absolutely no idea where I was. A group of women trudged past me. I looked around wonderingly, walking past a Dunkin Donuts stand and a row of subway fare machines. I stared at signs reading “Ashmont”, “Braintree”, “Red Line”. Are they here? I wondered to myself. I don’t know. Doesn’t seem like it. Of course, I went against my instincts and proceeded toward the signs. I would later find out I had headed in the wrong direction. An hour later, I would be in prison. At 12:25pm, Madison ’17 called me. “Where are you?” she asked. I mumbled something probably nonsensical about underground trains and missing signs. I was at the Alewife T-Station, which comprised a towering building, stacks of parking lots, and an extensive underground subway system, translating to a rife chance to get lost. And lost I was. It took a few extra minutes of talking to Madison on the phone, and backtracking out of the vicinity of the trains toward the parking lots, for salvation to arrive in form of Tally ’17, who spotted me from two floors above and waved. “I just saw Tally!” I told Madison excitedly. “I’m saved.” I ran up to Tally, and a short while later, I was standing by a timeworn car with my Ancient Greek Philosophy professor, Lee Perlman, and two of my classmates from concourse, Tally and Madison. “Well, that was traumatizing,” I said in relief. “Just glad we found you,” Lee replied as we all got into his car. He set his GPS for Framingham, MA, slightly over thirty minutes away from Alewife, and the little journey began. All four of us began talking, and as you’d imagine with MIT students sitting alongside their professor, a good deal of the discussion revolved around things we’d recently talked about in classâ€"Descartes’ ontological argument for the existence of God, the evolution of ideas as time bypassed the era of the Ancient Greeks and approached that of “the Moderns”. When we got to Framingham, we noticed a sign reading, “Beaver Street”. “This is where MIT should have been!” said Tally, amused. I agreed. A short while later, Lee parked his car in between two others. We all got out; the cold air lashed out, biting. We stared at barbed-wire fences and grim-looking towers. We headed towards the visitors entrance of the Massachusetts Correctional Institution (MCI) Framingham, an all-female prison. One extensive security check later, Lee, Tally, Madison and I trailed after two women, past the first building we’d entered, into a courtyard of sorts. More barbed-wire fences spread around grassy slopes and brick structures. One of the women pointed at different buildings, explaining what they were. We passed through one that had originally been a female reformatory in the 1800s, usually punishing minor “offenses”, ranging from husband disrespect to scandalous dressing. We walked past a room in which several large and incredibly beautiful American Flags were being sown by inmates. Finally, we ended up in a small classroom, a rectangle of tables and chairs framing an expansive space. One of the walls, deeply red, bore the letters: Boston University. Turns out BU funds an educational program at MCI in which inmates get to take classes and ultimately earn a Boston University Bachelor of Arts degree for free. However, the purpose of the visit today wasn’t for a classâ€"although I ended up learning a lot, a valuable lot. It was for interaction, a chance for us to talk to some of the inmates, and for them to talk to us. We eventually got seated and about six inmates joined us. They were varied, in age, height, race and length of prison sentences. They were incredibly friendly. They were very willing to talk. Lee spoke for a little bit about the Greek Philosophy class, about tracing ideas through time, about how long he’d been teaching it. He also shared some amazing details about his high-school days, which I won’t mention for obvious reasons, except to say, MIT Professors absolutely rock! Then Tally, Madison and I also shared rather intimate details of our lives. By itself, that was a great bonding experience. Finally, we got the chance to hear the inmates speak. One of them spoke about how the BU program had helped her adapt to MCI. Paraphrasing her, “I got in here and everything was focused on me. There was absolutely no privacy, and it was a shock, moving from having a relatively quiet life, where my business was my business, to MCI, where the scrutiny is intense, 24-7. I was glad at the opportunity to take classes. I’d just pile on knowledge from the lectures; they’d keep me busy. They’d let me focus on other things. They’d help me move on. I completed the BU program two years ago, so I actually have a college degree. When I get out of here, I actually have a chance to restructure my life. It’s something I’m grateful for, something I try to pass on to the other inmates. I try to get them interested in the program.” The others had similar stories. The BU program was optional, but the alternative was an endless stretch of months filled in with nothing but the assigned institutional jobs and some interaction with others. One of them spoke about a woman who had expected to be in MCI for life. She’d taken about four BU classes through the program, but had ultimately decided to stop. Suddenly, something in her case had changed, a successful appeal perhaps, a granted parole. Either way, she was free, but regretted having not seized the chance to have obtained the degree. It would have made a world of difference for her upon release if she had. The prospect of education filled them up; it was dignifying and personally rewarding. That chance also gave them a strength to go on every day. From one of them: “I was a mess when I got here; I remember just bawling my eyes out during the trial. And then I got into this program and I felt more confident. Now, I just live in the moment. I don’t try to count down on anything; I just push through every day, knowing that when the next day comes, I’ll have the strength to do push through again.” Some of them spoke more extensively about their lives prior to incarceration, painting a very strong picture of the chances one got in life. Dealt cards that were rotten. An ideal line of path that was suddenly upturned by a mistake. They had taken responsibility for their actions, but they hadn’t let the fact that they were in a medium/maximum security facility bring them down. They had taken to learning, excitedly, progressively. They had taken to staying optimistic, thinking of the mistakes that had gotten them in, and of the ways they could make the best out of a difficult situation. “You can either let this place break you, or you can make a good life out of it.” We left a few hours later, after getting the chance to see an extensive collection of paintings by one of the inmates. I remember staring at those pictures, the intense blends of varying colors, their shades and shadows forming potent images that remained etched in my mind. The artistic talent was amazing. It was just amazing. “This is really powerful,” said Madison. We all agreed. As we headed out, towards Lee’s car, we talked about what we’d seen. Tally was struck by their positive will, their optimism. “Despite everything, something keeps them going,” she said. If there was ever any reflection of the adage that human spirits can stay strong in the face of darkness, that people can make personally uplifting opportunities out of absolutely anywhere and anything, it was reflected in those inspiring women. “But one thing…” Tally observed. “According to the women, there are about twenty inmates in the BU program, but the prison has about six hundred and fifty inmates.” Lee started his car. “Yeah, we actually met the most strong-willed, most positive ones,” he said. I wondered aloud what made the difference between them and the others. And of course, it was in the difference of the choices they had made. Choices. “This was amazing,” said Madison. I looked back at the buildings as we left, inspired. “Wow,” was all I could say. By the time I arrived at MIT, the sun had long set. I was still thinking of them.

Mad Dogs Englishmen And The Errant Anthropologist Summary

In Mad Dogs, Englishmen, and the Errant Anthropologist, Raybeck’s approach to ethnography has been very similar to what is described in chapter 5 of Essentials of Cultural Anthropology. The postmodernism theory is that it emphasizes the non-material knowledge. Materialism emphasizes on the material system of behavior. Most Anthropologist are somewhere in the middle of these two or lean one way a little bit more because these are such extreme theory’s. Raybeck seems to view his research from the postmodernism theory more than the materialism theory. In Raybeck’s book he does a lot of looking at the culture, beliefs, and ideas of the Kelantanese but he also looks at the behaviors and scientific reasoning’s behind them. He looks at the†¦show more content†¦The main difference over all is that if the research was not done the way Raybeck had originally conducted it, the book would have been a lot more formal with its scientific reasoning’s. While reading in both books about ethnography I was shocked to learn that there was a ton of different theoretical perspectives. I was also shocked at how the theories are so different from one another. For some the only similarity is that it is the study of humans. Before the class I thought that there was a set way on how anthropology was studied but I very quickly found out that is not the case. Anthropology is very broad and is open to tons of different interpretations. There is no set way on how we must go about researching and studying. I believe that Raybeck chose appropriate field methods during his field work. During his field work Raybeck made decisions on how to answer his questions based on what methods would give him the most insight. He chose not to do a lot of surveys because he knew what kind of responses he would get. By doing surveys the information he would have gotten would have been wide rather than deep. An example on a time where the survey was not a good chose was when he was learning about how the Villagers view Chinese people. He would not have learned about how complex the matter truly is by just putting a survey out to the community. Interviews can be a better chose to get more detailed information. Interviews can be

A Career in Medical Psychology - 1223 Words

Psychology is usually a really enormous subject matter. They are a lot of numerous career fields of therapy. Therapy being a scholarly analyze with the brain as well as actions goes towards Historic Greeks. There is also proof of subconscious believed within ancient Egypt. Psychology seemed to be the branch of philosophy until the 1870s, whenever the idea created just as one separate medical discipline. Psychology edges with a few other career fields as well as physiology, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, sociology, anthropology, along with philosophy as well as other pieces of the humanities. I’m going to offer you look at this medical therapy. I am going to going to allow take on the specific with†¦show more content†¦Clinicians usually are been trained in a variety of strategies as well as theoretical strategies. A number of focus on the treatment of specific mental issues, although some help clientele affected by numerous complications. Specialized medical psychologists deal with one of the most critical psychiatric issues such as schizophrenia as well as depression. As well as utilizing clientele, specialized medical psychologists have to keep precise information regarding client assessment, analysis, restorative ambitions as well as treatment method information. These types of information help clinicians as well as clientele monitor improvement and so are generally needed for accounts receivable as well as insurance coverage purposes. Using the APA Research Business office, within 2001 the typical salary for any accredited clinical psychologist seemed to be $72, 000. From the psychologists surveyed, 65% labored within exclusive training, 19% labored within health care options as well as 2% labored in some different human being services location. Find out more about the typical wages intended for clinical psychologists. The pay scale could change for the different state that you may live in. The actual Ough. S. Section associated with Labor’s Work Outlook Handbook stories of which career withinShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Forensic Psychology And The Criminal Justice System1270 Words   |  6 Pagescritical job linked to the criminal justice system is that of a forensic psychologist. Forensic psychology requires a background in psychology, but works primarily in the court system. Most of the time, a forensic psychologist applies their expertise in psychology to a case, whether it is by assessing a defendant’s mental competency or determining how a pre-existing condition influenced a crime. Forensic psychology requires certain steps to be taken. It is essential that one is properly informed and ableRead MoreThe Importance Of Becoming A Forensic Psychologist1218 Words   |  5 Pagestrying to become better equipped, whether it be voluntary or an instinct. Picking a career is just one example of an aspect in life that is heavily dependent on choices throug hout life. 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The first type of psychologists to choose from is a clinical psychologist. Clinical psychologists help people with counseling and psychotherapy. They work with people who have all around life problems, such as new

Theatre and Other Arts- Theatre Challenges Free Essays

Theatre and Other Arts – Theatre Challenges Theatre is a collaborative form of  fine art  that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place. Theatre has existed since the dawn of man, as a result of human tendency for storytelling. The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music or dance. We will write a custom essay sample on Theatre and Other Arts- Theatre Challenges or any similar topic only for you Order Now The most important element of theatre is the audience, which can make the performance or break it down. Theatrical art is done by people and for people. Theatre plays a very important role in the whole society, it is rather influential, and in fact, it has a great impact upon people, both positive and negative. The theatre has been shown to be didactic – it is one of the greatest aesthetic and educational strength. The main aims of theatre are: to appeal to the hearts of the audience; to involve them into the atmosphere of art; to engage them emotionally and let them rest and be entertained in the way they want. The first theatres were purposefully made for entertainment and everybody was allowed to attend it. In some time the art in theatre was done only for an elite, but today theatre focuses on the different audiences trying to make everybody involved in the art. Russian famous poet Vladimir Mayakovski once said that â€Å"Theatre is not a reflecting mirror but a magnifying glass†. The role of Theater in Society is became a mean of communicating culture, helped us come to understand more about humanity, our hopes and fears and helped to find ourselves and the larger world around. Theatre is changing. The traditional canon is constantly revisited with a fresh eye and new writing continues to thrive, with new plays enjoying full houses. It seems essential to dwell upon theatre and other arts, theatre and high tech scenery as all challenges have important impact upon it. Experiments have begun in digital broadcasting. Doubtless, that one of the greatest threats facing theatre is television. In the first place, television is not only a convenient source of entertainment, but also a comparatively cheap one. Many people do not understand that the theatre is the parent of new dramatic forms. Without a living theatre where writers, directors, designers and actors could learn their jobs, movies and television plays would be very crude indeed. Unfortunately the wealthy organizations responsible for films, radio and television, have helped themselves liberally to the talent the theatre has trained but have given it little in return. In fact their competition has made the position of the theatre which has no state support far more precarious than it used to be, and has made commercial theatre managers more reluctant than ever to experiment Another threat is generally seen from the sides of radio, cinema and the Internet. While the situation with cinema and radio are nearly the same as with the television, the state of affairs with the Internet demands to have a closer look at the problem. The appearance of wide access to the Internet and digital technology is bound to have an effect on live theatre or, at least, on our reaction to it. When we can see the best online all the charm of going out loses its loveliness. Digital inventions made us lazier although being said to save our time. Radio is the theatre of the mind; television is the theatre of the mindless† (Steve Allen) In conclusion I’d like to say that theatre is the magical place where man meets his image and has the lifelike communication with the art and performers. All in all, it is difficult to overestimate the role of art and theater in our lives. The future is full of possibilities, but it also demands more from theatre leaders and their programs than ever before. The pressure on theatre organizations continue to increase, t hat’s why they continue to find new ways to attract and engage people more widely. How to cite Theatre and Other Arts- Theatre Challenges, Essay examples

Freight Fluidity Performance Measures †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Freight Fluidity Performance Measures. Answer: Introduction Lately, people are into importing and exporting cargo. This is stimulated using airplanes which is one the most effective ways to transport large and heavy goods in the shortest time possible. Despite that, people have forgone the fact that the charges are too high and still use it as their major means of transport. This is subject to other means of transport available which include the trains. Compared these two means, the airplane still stands to be the best way one can reach individuals easily. One, the train is slow and not connected to the entire world as compared to planes which have different destinations of the world. On the other hand, it would be convenient for one to choose the train over the plane as they are able to carry bulky goods at large as compared to what the plane does (Amaruchkul, Cooper Gupta 2010, pp.155). Over the years, the United Kingdom air cargo has played a very crucial role in the modern-day chain supply. This has also contributed to the improvement of its economy. For cargo airplanes, they can be either combined with passengers or others could be strictly cargo planes. On many occasions, cargo is usually carried on the belly of the plane, which is underneath the passengers cabin but for other crafts, it is carried on the deck sharing space with the passengers while other planes are exclusively for carrying cargo (Aditjandra et al. 2016). This means that the entire plane is meant for cargo. Also, while some of the cargo services would prefer door-to-door services, others are cargo equivalent to the passengers. This explains the difference in having planes that carry only cargo while those that carry both passengers and cargo. In addition, there are specialist cargo airlines which accommodate aircraft which can carry oversize cargo. They have huge volumes of cargo holds, and an e xample is the giant (Navarro, Cronemy Huge-Brodin 2014). Air surface mode are linked together by airports. In Asia, there are many hubs with different cargo tonnage that have increased trade around the region in the recent years. For instance, Memphis and Louisville have really benefited from the United States partnership for the FedEx and UPS respectively. For the United Kingdom airport network, in 2014, around 2.5 million tons were handled in terms of mail and freights. However, this was significantly a small amount as compared to the volume which passed through the United Kingdoms ports which amounted to up to 490 million tons (Amaruchkul, Cooper Gupta 2010, pp.156). Despite that, the freight was high-value goods with much density thus that accounted for around 40 percent of the exports and imports. Jewelry, aerospace, pharmaceuticals and other medical equipment are among the major export flows. This led to an increased number of people getting into the job industry. For instance, 39000 jobs were created directly while 135300 were indi rectly created with their induced impacts also considered. United Kingdom airfreight is evenly distributed with an inbound of around 52% and 48 percent outbound movements. This is in comparison to the maritime traders which has a very deadly imbalance in imports. For long-distance movements, air transport is the most suitable means of transport (Babi?, Kuljanin Kali? 2015, pp.3). Eighty percent of freight originates from the European Union while the same has the same percentage of freights being its destination. This contrasts the main volume, around 50 percent which is used for domestic markets. For this, it is well illustrated how air transport has a range of uses while also its challenges cannot be forgotten thus showing how competitive the industry is (Navarro, Cronemy Huge-Brodin 2017). The fundamental reasons for the success of the company The United Kingdom has had its way in the freight industry as very successful.it can only be compared to its major airlines that is FedEx and UPS This is evident as all its companies are among the top rated in terms of profits gained, service providence and the number of freight they have transported. This shows how individuals are eager to work with such companies as he pays is also suitable, and no complains have been heard about them. Freight air transport has been solely determined by how well they perform (Crozet 2014, pp.65). For instance, a large extent is determined by how the downstream demand level for haulage of valuable goods. Despite being the safest and the fastest, they are the most expensive to use as stated earlier. In the international trade, airfreight has played a vital role (Edward-Jones et al. 2009, pp.480). This is particularly in the international division of labor and international economic and cultural connections which have greatly increased. It is becoming even more substantial with the role it is playing in the global economy. According to research, a rough estimate of up to one-third of all the worlds products that are being produced will be incorporated in the trade cycle (Amaruchkul, Cooper Gupta 2010, pp.157). The United Kingdom economy has really developed since the start of this service. However, it also responsible for increased pollution levels that is noise and air. The availability of this services has enabled the British state to function internationally as a business center and being able to manufacture high-value goods. First, we can clearly see how the number of jobless people has decreased. Thanks to the fight industry which has been able to provide job opportunities both directly and indirectly (Divall 2016, pp.15). Secondly, most of the business areas such as pharmaceuticals, financials, and even technology require speedy services. For that reason, air is the most reliable means they can use. This will ensure customers are well responded to and in the required time. Failure of having such services will lead to business relocating to other countries or places where they can be available. Lastly, through air transport, companies can improve the competitiveness of a company in al l sectors. This includes the logistics, inventory, management, production and supporting the customers (Turnbull 2014). To many firms, accessing air services is a great deal as it is a determinant of their location of operations in the United Kingdom. Comparing the FedEx and the Mumbai freight company, we see how much successful the United Kingdom has become. Lately, there has been an issue in other freight airline companies and this includes the Boeing. This gives United Kingdom freight companies a reason to consider themselves successful (Babi?, Kuljanin Kali? 2015, pp.5). For example, we have Indian air cargo found in India. In the previous year, some of its employees were forced to leave the job as they were not getting paid well. In addition to that, shipment rates became too high for their customers that they had to relocate to other cargo services. With famous people like the Boeing and Airbus, the company still failed their clients (Edward-Jones et al. 2009, pp.480). Most of their aircraft were undergoing maintenance while their crew became limited. This leads to delayed flights and half offloading of goods. Such companies should emulate and seek advice from well-maintained companies such as those in the United Kingdom. H ence, proper management would lead to success in the airlines. Also, tending the clients and employees well would also increase the reputation and working of a company (Smilowitz 2017, pp. 440) How can a company maintain its comparative advantage? As survival is a common feature in the forest, in business, competition is a common phenomenon in business. For a business to be successful, it needs to maintain a competitive advantage in the industry (Doganis 2013). This involves countless efforts which are involved in planning, then developing and finally leasing their services or products to their clients. If a company finds a way to this, they become a model in the industry with minor errors experienced. The reason behind is that other companies will catch up soon by adopting best practices which help them to keep up the pace of the competition (Smilowitz 2017, pp.441). However, once clients adapt to such companies, they will find it difficult for them to distinguish between the two companies as both have same practices. Thus, there is need to show customers how far a company can go over the other in that competition so that they can gain confidence in working with it. A successful business has been able to make this distinction obvious to their customers, and therefore a freight company like FedEx tops the list in their service providence. For new businesses, it is obvious that it will first need a strategy of making their market aware of what sort of service they need to render and the specific individuals or groups that intend to be served (Turnbull 2014). First, to maintain the comparative advantage, the freight company need to choose on their priorities (Chao Li 2017, pp.27). For instance, it should choose whether their service is performed to numerous customers with few services or whether it will have fewer customers with a variety of services to provide. Look at FedEx. It specialized in proving little services, specifically cargo freighting, too many people. Centering this has helped them grow and has also helped the growth of the European Union (Taniguchi et al. 2014, pp.34) Secondly, ensuring that the activities and services practiced are related is also an aim. This helps the company to make a stand for its services to the product or services that they produce. For instance, in the freight industry, companies should stick to ferrying cargoes to different countries (Bergqvist Monios 2017, pp.7). Rather, if they have other activities, they should be related to what freighting is involved with. This will build an identity helping their clients to be keen on that product. It will maintain the comparative edge over others who would combine let us say freighting with manufacturing of products (Taniguchi et al. 2014, pp.53) However, just seeing these strategies in the paper would not ensure the growth of the company. Rather, active actions should be taken to ensure that both business executives and employees show commitment and understand the comparative advantage concept (Liimatainen 2014, pp.380). Well formulated strategies would eventually lead to good implementation which is one sure way of ensuring the comparative advantage is maintained. Could this be suitable for other companies, and if so explain why, if not explain why? Comparative knowledge is important to any company doing business. For instance, by knowing the status of ones company, it will be easier to know how competitive one is in the market (Suresh et al. 2017, pp.100). However, being ahead of other competitors is a plus. It will help in looking for ways of attracting more customers to ensure that the business runs smoothly. However, there are other companies which cannot specialize in one thing but still are very much successful. Take an example of the major car producing companies. They work on everything from scratch in assembling the car parts and then go on selling them themselves. Depending on how a company takes the comparative advantage theory, they can well utilize it and earn maximum profits and surpass their competitors (Navarro, Cronemy Huge-Brodin 2014) The ability to endure and maintain a process or a situation over a period is known as sustainability. In economics, it is the when a state, company or individual can uphold the production level of economy indefinitely (Hellerman, Huchzermeier Spinler 2013, pp.312). Thus, when progress meets its needs without negotiating with the future generations, this is known as sustainable growth. This concept contains two key concepts. First, limitations imposed by the state of the social organization and the technology department in a state to meet future standards. Secondly, the concept of needs to which the essential needs the worlds poor, overrides the priority that it deserves. Sustainability involves six major steps (Smilowitz 2017, pp.440). First, mapping of the supply chain is required. Then the sustainability plan should concentrate on the communications expectations. Thirdly, baseline supplier performance should be keenly checked while developing a good training and capacity building program (Ozceylan et al. 2016, pp. 43) Eventually, a drive performance improvement by the audit team is implemented, and lastly, the industry joins collaboration in making things work. In the freight sector, stakeholder pressure coming from either investors, customers or shareholders has greatly influenced the increase in this companys profits (Jaller, Snchez-Daz. and Holgun-Veras 2015, pp.49). By being able to improve and manage the social, economic and environmental performance, supply chains have been able to conserve their resources and optimize the processes. Also, product innovation has really been evident with an attempt of saving cost and increasing productivity to ensure corporate values have been upheld. This is evident in the United Kingdom freight markets. Its profits and even rankings have greatly improved showing how sustainability has been able to take the course (Taniguchi et al. 2014, pp.56). Questions from the study case. There are many factors which could affect the development of freight. this varies depending on the country that one is located in. for instance, some countries have very strict policies which might restrain the improvement of the freight industry. The United States is one of them. take an example of the Memphis international airport in Tennessee. It has very strict rules regarding pollution and aims at conserving their environment. For this, you will find few freight industries that are striving well as compared to those found in the United Kingdom. Also, America is an independent state which has very limited inquiries regarding goods. Instead, you will find them exporting materials which are not in use. For this, they do not consider freight market as a necessity to their government (Navarro, Cronemy Huge-Brodin 2014). With good management, a company would be expected to enormously grow. Such is the case when it comes to the major cargo hubs (Doganis 2013, pp.45). First, they have been able to maintain their clients and employees by ensuring that the service delivery is superb. Also, providing incentives to their workers has enabled them to be fast forward in ensuring that they provide quality services to their customers. Lastly, they have been able to uphold a good sustainable economic environment. For this, they are aware of their competitors and have worked hard so that they are always ahead of them (Tangichu et al. 2014, pp.62). 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